HARDEMAN COUNTY, TN 1860 FEDERAL CENSUS TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES: Prepared by Donald Robbins Transcription aid by Betty Hawley Checked by D. K. Robbins March 3, 2010 Census Sheet's Format Hardeman COUNTY, TN 1860 FEDERAL CENSUS http://ftp.us-census.org/pub/usgenweb/census/xtn/hardeman/1860/ Copyright (c) 2010 by Don Robbins VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV USGENWEB (US-CENSUS) NOTICE: These electronic pages may NOT be reproduced in any format for profit or presentation by any other organization. Non-commercial organizations desiring to use this material must obtain the consent of the transcriber prior to use. Individuals desiring to use this material in their own research may do so. ========================================================================== NON-Std Formatting by USGenWeb Census Project® File Manager, Linda Talbott All of the above information must remain when copied or downloaded. VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV ------------------------------- Census Sheet Header Information ------------------------------- Each Census Sheet consists of 40 lines. The Header information contains a place for the Date of entry, Post Office, The County Name (Hardeman) and the name of the recorder of the information. ------------------------------- Census Sheet Detail information ------------------------------- Column 1 - Dwelling - houses numbered in the order of visitation Column 2 - Families, numbered in the order of visitation Column 3 - The name of every person whose usual place of abode on the first day of June, 1860 was in this family Column 4 - Age Column 5 - Sex Column 6 - Color, White, Black or Mulatto or Indian Column 7 - Profession, Occupation or Trade of each person, male and female, over 15 years of age Column 8 - Value of Real Estate Column 9 - Value of Personal Estate Column 10 - Place of Birth, Naming the State, Territory, or Country Column 11 - Married within the year Column 12 - Attended School within the year Column 13 - Person over 20 who could not read or write Column 14 - Whether deaf & dumb, blind, insane, idiotic, pauper or convict In the interest of getting the information transcribed to an 8 1/2 x 11 sheet, some adjustments were made in the format of the transcription. A new line was created, which contains the Page Number and Line Number that the information was transcribed from. The Surname is in Caps, along with the date of the census page, the census district, the Post Office, and the information from Column 1 and Column 2. The information from Columns 11, 12, 13 was encoded following the Column 10 information, Place of Birth. The encoding is: M, for married within the year, S, for attending school within the year, and I, for illiterate for a check in Column 13 for persons over 20 who could not read or write. The information from Column 14 is added, as is, to the person's line. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - The information for the 1860 Census for Hardeman County consists of 271 pages. The information for Hardeman County is on Microfilm Reel M653-1253 COUNTS The Dwellings in Hardeman County are numbered from 1 to 2010 There are 1868 families in this grouping. Number of White Males 6171 Number of White Females 5479 Number of Black Males 12 Number of Black Females 10 Number of Mulatto Males 5 Number of Mulatto Females 6 Number of Students 2330 Number of Illiterates 624 Number of Married 144 in the last year PLACES OF BIRTH Tennessee 7371 North Carolina 1369 Miss 383 Virginia 379 Alabama 286 South Carolina 179 Kentucky 175 Ireland 110 Georgia 82 Unk 38 Pennsylvania 34 Arkansas 32 NY 28 Engl 20 Ohio 15 Missouri 14 Maryland 12 Scot 11 Germany 11 Indiana 7 Texas 6 Mass 6 Canada 3 Conneticut 2 Illinois 2 France 1 NJ 1 Vermont 1 OCCUPATIONS by name appt 5 Auctioneer 1 Bapt Min 4 Bapt Nin 1 Bee Keeper 2 Black Smith 10 Book Seller 1 Brick Mason 1 Butcher 1 clerk 24 cook 2 Carpenter 33 Carriage Makr 1 Carriage Refinishing 1 Carriage Repairer 1 Chambermaid 3 Clerk Ckt Ct 1 Coach Makr 1 Collector 1 Constable 5 Contractor 1 Cotton Buyer 1 Cotton Gin Makr 2 Cotton Manufacture 1 County Clerk 1 County Truster 1 Daugerrcon 1 Day Laborer 34 Dentist 1 Depot Agent 2 Deputy Sheriff 2 Ditcher 2 Druggist 2 Dungerean 1 Farm Laborer 230 Farmer 673 Ferryman 1 Gaboser 1 Grocer 21 Harness Makr 1 Hatter 1 Horse Kpr 1 Horticulturist 1 Hostler 1 Hotel Kpr 3 House Keeper 2 Jeweller 2 Laborer 31 Land Lady 2 Land Lord 2 Landlord 1 Law Student 1 Lawyer 5 Livery Stable 1 Lumber Yard 1 Machinist 1 Mail Agent 1 Mail Carrier 1 Mantue Mkr 1 Mason 5 MD 26 Med Student 5 Millwright 46 ML 3 Painter 5 Photographer 1 Plasterer 2 Poor House 1 Porter 1 Post Master 1 Potter 1 Preacher 1 Pres Min 1 Printer 2 Registrar 1 RR Agent 4 RR Conductor 3 RR Depty Section 1 RR Engineer 2 RR General Supt 1 RR Laborer 40 RR Ticket Agent 1 Saddler 3 Seamstress 8 Section Boss 2 Shingle Makr 3 Stone Cutter 8 Tailor 9 Tailoress 1 Teamster 30 Trader in Cash Notes 3 Travelling 1 Turnpike Kpr 1 Waggoner 2 Wagon Makr 5 Wagon Whl Makr 1 Waiter 6 Watch Makr 1 Weaver 1 Wood Cutter 10 Wool Carder 1 INFIRMITIES deaf & dumb 4 deaf 1 dumb 6 blind 5 idiotic 4 pauper 55 insane 2 OCCUPATIONS by frequencies Farmer 673 Farm Laborer 230 Millwright 46 RR Laborer 40 Day Laborer 34 Carpenter 33 Teamster 30 Laborer 31 MD 26 clerk 24 Grocer 21 Black Smith 10 Wood Cutter 10 Tailor 9 Seamstress 8 Stone Cutter 8 Waiter 6 appt 5 Constable 5 Lawyer 5 Mason 5 Med Student 5 Painter 5 Wagon Makr 5 Bapt Min 4 RR Agent 4 Chambermaid 3 Hotel Kpr 3 ML 3 RR Conductor 3 Saddler 3 Shingle Makr 3 Trader in Cash Notes 3 Bee Keeper 2 cook 2 Cotton Gin Makr 2 Depot Agent 2 Deputy Sheriff 2 Ditcher 2 Druggist 2 House Keeper 2 Jeweller 2 Land Lady 2 Land Lord 2 Printer 2 Plasterer 2 RR Engineer 2 Section Boss 2 Waggoner 2 Auctioneer 1 Bapt Nin 1 Book Seller 1 Brick Mason 1 Butcher 1 Carriage Makr 1 Carriage Refinishing 1 Carriage Repairer 1 Clerk Ckt Ct 1 Coach Makr 1 Collector 1 Contractor 1 Cotton Buyer 1 Cotton Manufacture 1 County Clerk 1 County Truster 1 Daugerrcon 1 Dentist 1 Dungerean 1 Ferryman 1 Gaboser 1 Harness Makr 1 Hatter 1 Horse Kpr 1 Horticulturist 1 Hostler 1 Landlord 1 Law Student 1 Livery Stable 1 Lumber Yard 1 Machinist 1 Mail Agent 1 Mail Carrier 1 Mantue Mkr 1 Photographer 1 Poor House 1 Porter 1 Post Master 1 Potter 1 Preacher 1 Pres Min 1 Registrar 1 RR Depty Section 1 RR General Supt 1 RR Ticket Agent 1 Tailoress 1 Travelling 1 Turnpike Kpr 1 Wagon Whl Makr 1 Watch Makr 1 Weaver 1 Wool Carder 1 Transcriber's notes: The census taker in Hardeman County was: T. P. MARSH at P186-04 The census takers were very careful to note vacant dwellings. When a woman was the head of the household, and was a farmer, she was referred to as a Farmeress in the census. This county was perhaps the most cosmopolitan of any we have done. There are residents who were born in many different places. HISTORY OF HARDEMAN COUNTY The treaty with the Chickasaw that opened West Tennessee for settlement was signed on October 19, 1818, by Isaac Shelby and Andrew Jackson. The first settlers came in 1819 and 1820. Rapid settlement occurred thereafter, with new arrivals coming from North and South Carolina, Virginia, northern Alabama, and Middle Tennessee. The first town in Hardeman County was established in 1823 on the banks of the Big Hatchie, the Indian name for the river. It was appropriately called Hatchie Town. The new county seat was Hatchie, until by Act of the Tennessee State Legislature, on October 18, 1825, it was changed to Bolivar. Bolivar was named for Gen. Simon Bolivar, the South American patriot and liberator. The Battle of Hatchie's Bridge (also called Davis Bridge and Matamora) on October 5, 1862, resulted in an estimated 900 total casualties (US 500; CS 400) (from Civil War Battles website.... Maj. Gen. Earl Van Dorn's Confederate Army of West Tennessee retreated from Corinth on October 4, 1862. Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans did not send forces in pursuit until the morning of the 5th. Maj. Gen. Edward O.C. Ord, commanding a detachment of the Army of West Tennessee, was, pursuant to orders, advancing on Corinth to assist Rosecrans. On the night of October 4-5, he camped near Pocahontas. Between 7:30 and 8:00 am the next morning, his force encountered Union Maj. Gen. Stephen A. Hurlbut's 4th Brigade, Army of West Tennessee, in the Confederates's front. Ord took command of the now-combined Union forces and pushed Van Dorn's advance, Maj. Gen. Sterling Price's Army of the West, back about five miles (8 km) to the Hatchie River and across Davis' Bridge. After accomplishing this, Ord was wounded and Hurlbut assumed command. While Price's men were hotly engaged with Ord's force, Van Dorn's scouts looked for and found another crossing of the Hatchie River. Van Dorn then led his army back to Holly Springs. Ord had forced Price to retreat, but the Confederates escaped capture or destruction. Although they should have done so, Rosecrans's army had failed to capture or destroy Van Dorn's force. The results: a Union victory. During the Civil War in 1862, Magnolia Manor was occupied by the Union Army and used as Headquarters. Four Union generals stayed here. Photographed and featured by National Geographic Magazine, Magnolia Manor is rich in history. The majority of downtown Bolivar was burned to the ground during the Civil War, dating most of its current architecture to 1868. Beyond downtown Bolivar, numerous pre-Civil War structures still stand. Pickwick Landing was a riverboat stop dating from the 1840s. In the 1930s, during the Great Depression, the site was chosen for one of the Tennessee Valley Authority dams on the Tennessee River. In 1838 and 1839, as part of Andrew Jackson's Indian removal policy, the Cherokee nation was forced to give up its lands east of the Mississippi River and to migrate to an area in present-day Oklahoma. The Cherokee people called this journey the Trail of Tears, because of its devastating effects. The migrants faced hunger, disease, and exhaustion on the forced march. Over 4,000 out of 15,000 of the Cherokees died. Western State Mental Hospital in Bolivar, was the last state mental hospital to be constructed and habitually the one least funded. In December 1885 the site commissioners chose the farm of Paul T. Jones as the location for the proposed facility. The institution's patient population grew from a few hundred in the 1890s to over 2,000 in the 1960s as patients remained hospitalized for decades. Many were crowded into large dormitories and had little privacy. With a limited number of doctors and attendants and a large patient population, many were simply warehoused. Patients at Western received the treatments available in their period of institutionalization. These treatments ranged from hydrotherapy and insulin shock therapy to lobotomies and electric shock therapy. With the severe staff limitations, however, patients were fortunate to receive ten minutes per week with a psychiatrist. From its original one building, presently used as the administration building, WMHI grew to at one point, 1,140 acres with seven buildings housing patients. Its census on June 30, 1950 was 2330 patients, compared to the average of 260 today. Hatchie River is a designated scenic river which runs across the county, offering a hunter's and fisherman's paradise. More than 20 watershed lakes, ranging in size from 10 to 78 acres each, have been constructed and stocked with game fish. It is listed as one of the Top 75 geographic preservation locations by the World Conservatory, a non-profit organization earmarking global natural wonders to be preserved. The rivers banks have been unchanged by man. The Hatchie River was used extensively for travel and shipping, for instance, the Pillars furnishing was purchased from New York and shipped down through the Hatchie River. Hardeman County towns have come and gone. Crainsville, Searles, and Middleburg are near ghosts, Berlin changed to the name of Saulsburg, and Grand Junction and Hornsby lost their distinction of the being the counties highest populated, but Bolivar, Middleton, and Whiteville have long been the leading districts. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - THE STORY TELLERS We are the chosen. My feelings are, in each family there is one who seems called to find the ancestors. To put flesh on their bones and make them live again, to tell the family story and to feel that somehow they know, and approve. To me, doing genealogy is not a cold gathering of facts but, instead, breathing life into all who have gone before. We are the story tellers of the tribe. All tribes have one. We have been called as it were, by our genes. Those who have gone before cry out to us: Tell our story. So, we do. In finding them, we somehow find ourselves. How many graves have I stood before now and cried? I have lost count. How many times have I told the ancestors you have a wonderful family you would be proud of us? How many times have I walked up to a grave and felt somehow there was love there for me? I cannot say. It goes beyond just documenting facts. It goes to who am I and why do I do the things I do? It goes to seeing a cemetery about to be lost forever to weeds and indifference and saying I can't let this happen. The bones here are bones of my bone and flesh of my flesh. It goes to doing something about it. It goes to pride in what our ancestors were able to accomplish. How they contributed to what we are today. It goes to respecting their hardships and losses, their never giving in or giving up, their resoluteness to go on and build a life for their family. It goes to deep pride that they fought to make and keep us a Nation. It goes to a deep and immense understanding that they were doing it for us. That we might be born who we are. That we might remember them. So we do. With love and caring and scribing each fact of their existence, because we are them and they are us. So, as a scribe called, I tell the story of my family. It is up to that one called in the next generation to answer the call and take their place in the long line of family storytellers. That, is why I do my family genealogy, and that is what calls those young and old to step up and put flesh on the bones. Author unknown The 1860 Census or Lots of Questions Answered The 1860 Census lists a dwelling number and family number and each sheet lists the county as well as town and post office name. Questions answered on the 1860 census include, name, age and sex of each individual; color, occupation, value of real and personal property; birthplace, whether married within the year (m.y.), whether attended school, can read or write and the date of the enumeration. Also included are boxes to indicate if an individual was a pauper or convict. Here is an article published in 1859 about the upcoming 1860 census: Friday September 23, 1859 Weekly Star THE NEXT CENSUS The year 1860 is the time appointed for taking the eighth census of the United States. From having been originally a simple enumeration's of persons, this Federal census has grown to be a decennial register of the number of inhabitants and their occupation, religious denominations & c, and also a statement of the commerce, manufacturers, arts and industry, and the wealth of the nation. The collection of these statistics has hitherto been attended with immense labor and difficulty. The inquiries of the census takers have not only been baffled by the stupidity and perverseness and ignorance of many to whom they were addressed; but it has been impossible to obtain accurate information upon important subjects because the parties; who alone are presumed capable of imparting it, have never taken the trouble to inform themselves. It often occurs that, in the absence of the head of a family no other member of it is able to give the information required; for instance as to the ages of the different members or it, or the amount of land in cultivation, the number of negroes and their ages, the quantity and value of horses, mules and oxen, etc., or of farming implements or farm products. In town and country similar difficulties are continually met with by the marshals appointed to collect these statistics, and the census is consequently returned incomplete. It is probably that while care will be observed to prevent any frauds or excess in the publication of the next census, it will be ordered by Congress to be taken so as to include all the most important items of information in regard to the progress of our population and our country. In view of this contingency the Nashville News very sensibly suggest that each farmer, this fall , as he gathers his crops, shall keep something like an accurate account of the quality and value of the same; and if he will take the trouble to make out a statement of the names and ages of his family; the number and ages of his servants, the number and value of his horses and mules; the number of bales of cotton, barrels of corn, bushels of wheat, oats, rye, barley, potatoes, etc., and leave it in some place where any member of the family, who may be at home when the deputy marshal shall call, can readily get hold of it, it will save time to all concerned, and very greatly assist to make the census return perfect, complete and satisfactory.